Study On Internal And External Sources Of Finance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1749 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Finance is essential for business operations development and expansion finance is core limiting factor for most businesses and it is crucial for business to manage their financial resources properly. Finance is available to a business from variety of sources from both internal and external. It is also essential for business to choose most appropriate source of finance to its several needs as different sources have its own benefits and costs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Internal And External Sources Of Finance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Sources of finance can be classified based on a number of factors they can be classified as Internal and External factors Short Term and Long Term or Equity and Debt which would be easy to classify the sources as internal and external. Internal Sources of Finance: Internal sources of finance are the funds which are available promptly within the organisation. It consists of Personal Savings Retained Profits Working Capital Sale of fixed assets Personal savings: The amount of personal money of an owner or partner or share holder of business may execute anything at his administration when the business seeks to borrow the personal money of investor for a financial business needs this source of finance is known as personal savings. Retained Profits: Retained profits are undistributed profits of a company. Not all the profits made by a company are distributed as dividends to its shareholders. The remainder of finance is saved by the business as a backup in tim es of financial needs and maybe used later for a companys development or expansion retained profits are valuable at no cost source of finance. Working Capital: Working capital refers the sum of money that a business uses its daily activities. Working capital is the difference of current assets and current liabilities (working capital = current assets current liabilities). Proper working capital management is also vital as it also a source of finance for a business. Current Assets: Current assets are also known as cash equivalents because they are easily convertible to cash. Current assets consist of Stock, Debtors prepayments, Bank and Cash these assets are used up, sold or keep changing in short run. Stock: This refers to the stock of goods available to the business for sale at given time. It is very important to maintain the right amount of stock of goods for a business. If stock levels are too high it means that too much of money is being held up in the form of st ock and if stock levels are too high it means that too much of money is being held up in the form of stock and if stock levels are too low the business will lose possible opportunities of higher sales. Debtors: Debtors is a type of business in which customers building up on the trade having been bought the businesss goods or service on credit. If a business has cash flow problems it can maintain a low level of debtors by encouraging the debtors to pay as early as possible. Prepayments: These are the expenses paid in advance the payment is being made even before the payment occurs is a prepayment. Bank and cash: Bank is the cash held in banks and cash is money held by business in the form of cash. Having too much of money in the form of cash is also not good for a business since it can use that money to invest and earn a return but however a business should have healthy current ratio(Current Assets : Current Liabilities) of 2:1 Current Liabilities: Current Liabilities are short-term debts that are in immediate need of settlement. Some examples of current liabilities creditors accruals proposed dividends within a year. Creditors: also known as trade creditors. Trade creditors are Suppliers from whom the business purchased goods on credit. Paying the creditors as soon as possible will ease cash flow requirements for a business. Accruals are the expenses owed by the business. Dividends proposed are the dividends payable for the year that is not yet paid. Tax owing is the sum of money owing as tax  [i] External sources of finance: Sources of finance that are not internal sources of finance are external sources of finance. External sources of finance are from sources that are outside the business. External sources of finance can either be: Ownership capital or Non-ownership capital Ownership capital: Ownership capital is the money invested in the business by the owners themselves. It can be the capital funding by own ers and partners or it can also be share bought by the shareholders of a company. There are mainly two main types of shares. They are: Ordinary shares Preference shares Ordinary shares: Ordinary shares also known as equity shares are a unit of investment in a company. Ordinary shareholders have the privilege of receiving a part of company profits via dividends which is based on the value of shares held by the shareholder and the profit made for the year by the company. They also have the right to vote at general meetings of the company. Companies can issue ordinary shares in order to raise finance for long-term financial needs. Preference shares: Preference shares are another type of shares. Preference shareholders receive a fixed rate of dividends before the ordinary shareholders are paid. Preference shareholders do not have the right to vote at general meetings of the company. Preference shares are also an ownership capital source of finance. There are several ty pes of preference shares. Some of them are Cumulative preference share, Redeemable preference share, Participating preference share and Convertible preference share. Cumulative preference shares if a company is in a loss making situation and is unable to pay dividends for one year then the dividend for that year will be paid the next year along with next years dividends. Redeemable preference shares these preference shares can be bought back by the company at a later date. Normally the date of redemption is usually agreed. Participating preference shares give the benefit of additional dividends to its shareholders above the fixed rate of dividends they receive. The additional dividend is usually paid in proportion to ordinary dividends declared. Convertible preference shares convertible preference shareholders have the option of converting their preference shares to ordinary shares. Non-ownership capital: Unlike ownership capital, non-ownership capital does not allow the lender to participate in profit-sharing or to influence how the business is run. The main obligations of non-ownership capital are to pay back the borrowed sum of money and interest. Different types of non-ownership capital: Debentures Bank overdraft Loan Hire-purchase Lease Grant Venture capital Factoring Invoice discounting Debentures: Debentures are issued in order to raise debt capital. Debenture holders are not owners but long-term creditors of the company. Debenture holders receive a fixed rate of interest annually whether the company makes a profit or loss. Debentures are issued only for a time period and thus the company must pay the amount back to the debenture holders at the end of the agreed period. Debentures can be secured, unsecured, fixed or floating. Secured debentures are debentures that are secured against an asset. They are also called mortgage debentures. Unsecured debentures these debentures do not have an asse t as collateral. Fixed debentures have a fixed rate of interest. Floating debentures do not have fixed rate of interest and are not tied to any specific asset. Bearer debentures these debentures are easily transferable. Registered debentures are not easily transferable and legal procedures have to be followed in case of a transfer. Convertible debentures can be converted to stock at the end of the debenture repayment date. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LONG/MEDIUM TERM AND SHORT TERM SOURCES: Introduction: Finance sources may be internal or external but they may also be short medium or long term Short Term: Short term Finances the business up to 1 year Medium Term: Medium term finances the business up to 5 years Long Term: Long term finances the business more than 5 years Short Medium and long term Sources: Long Term Medium Term Short Term Personal Resources Personal Resources Personal Resources Ordinary Share Capital Bank Loan Bank Loan Bank Overdraft . ii Long term Sources: Long Term Sources generally refer to those requirements of funds which are for a period exceeding 5-10 years. All investments in plant, machinery, land, buildings, etc., are considered as long term financial needs. Funds required to finance permanent or hard core working capital should also be procured from long term sources. Medium term Sources: Medium Term refers to those funds which are required for a period exceeding one year but not exceeding 5 years. For example, if a company resorts to extensive publicity and advertisement campaign then such type of expenses may be written off over a period of 3 to 5 years. These are called deferred revenue expenses and funds required for them are classified in the category of medium term financial needs. Sometimes long term requirements, for which long term cannot be arranged immediately, may be met from medium term sources and thus the demand of medium term financial needs are generated. As and when th e desired long term funds are made available, medium term loans taken earlier may be paid off. Short term financial Sources: Short Term Sources takes place to finance in current assets such as stock, debtors, cash, etc. Investment in these assets is known as meeting of working capital requirements of the concern. Firms require working capital to employ fixed assets gainfully. The requirement of working capital depends upon a number of factors which may differ from industry to industry and from company to company in the same industry. The main characteristic of short term financial needs is that they arise for a short period of time not exceeding the accounting period, i.e., one year. The basic principle for meeting the short term financial needs of a concern is that such needs should be met from short term sources, and for medium term financial needs from medium term sources and long term financial needs from long term sources. Accordingly, the method of raising funds is to be decided with reference to the period for which funds are required. Basically, there are two sources of raising funds for any business enterprise. Viz., owners capital and borrowed capital. The owners capital is used for meeting long term financial needs and it primarily comes from share capital and retained earnings. Borrowed capital for all the other types of requirement can be raised from different sources such as debentures, public deposits; loans form financial institutions and commercial banks, etc.

Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essay examples - 4094 Words

Mythology in Oedipus Rex In â€Å"The Oedipus Legend† Bernard M. W. Knox talks of the advantages accruing to Sophocles as a user of myths in his dramas: The myths he used gave to his plays, without any effort on his part, some of those larger dimensions of authority which the modern dramatist must create out of nothing if his play is to be more than a passing entertainment. The myths had the authority of history, for myth is in one of its aspects the only history of an age that kept no records. . . . the myths served as typical patterns of the conduct of man and the manifestation of the gods (85). This essay seeks to explore the life of the flawed mythological person, Oedipus, as protagonist of†¦show more content†¦The epic was most probably put into writing early in the seventh century before the present era. . . . â€Å"And I saw the mother of Oedipodes, fair Epicste, who wrought a monstrous deed in ignorance of mind in that she wedded her own son, and he, when he had slain his own father, wedded her, and straightway the gods made these things known among men. . . .She made fast a noose on high from a lofty beam, overpowered by her sorrow.† (Bowra 33). From this we can deduce that the myth used by Sophocles in Oedipus Rex had to be older than the seventh century BC because Homer employed it at that time. C. M. Bowra in â€Å"Sophocles’ Use of Mythology† gives the rationale behind the Attic dramatists’ preference for myths in their plays: Myth provided the framework of drama, which illustrated in a highly concrete and cogent way some important crisis or problem, and that is why Greek tragedy can be called symbolical. The old stories are indeed told again for their own sake, and there is no lack of dramatic tension and human interest, but they also exemplify some far-reaching problem, which is admirably presented in this individual shape(31). The Homeric myth provides the story of the fall of a man from prosperity to adversity. Sophocles takes the myth and dramatizes it in such a way that every word and action makes an impact on theShow MoreRelated Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essays3980 Words   |  16 PagesMythology in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   E. T. Owen in â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus† comments on the mythological beginnings of Oedipus Rex:    Professor Goodell says: â€Å"Given an old myth to be dramatized, Sophocles’ primary question was, ‘Just what sort of people were they, must they have been, who naturally did and suffered what the tales say they did and suffered?† That was his method of analysis (38).    The Greek Sophoclean tragedy Oedipus Rex is based on a myth fromRead MoreGreek Mythology And Mythology Of The Iliad, Oedipus Rex And Others1294 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen shaped by mythology and religion. The impacts of ancient cultures in particular are felt worldwide through a variety of mediums. Others have referenced ancient cultures for a long time, in hopes of better understanding them. Examples of this have been seen throughout the world, especially in Greek culture. The ancient Greeks had a rich culture, which they used often in their works; examples of this are seen in the Iliad, Oedipus Rex and others. The existence of Greek mythology and narrativesRead MoreOedipus The King, Fate And Destiny1201 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles is the author of the famous play, â€Å"Oedipus the King†. In case you did not know, Sophocles is from Greece. In Greek mythology there are three goddesses who preside over the birth and life of humans. Each person s destiny was thought of a s a thread spun, measured, and cut by the three Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. In the story â€Å"Oedipus the King† fate and destiny was the main theme. On Google the definition of destiny is the events that will necessarily happen to a particular personRead MoreThe Tragic Hero of Oedipus Rex Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tragic Hero of Oedipus Rex According to the ancient Greeks and Aristotle the hero is a person who possesses superior qualities of mind and body, and who proves his superiority by doing great deeds of valor, strength, or intellect. In Sophocles Oedipus Rex the main character Oedipus possesses these characteristics of a true hero, which in turn lead to his self-destruction. In the beginning of the play Oedipuss great intellect is made known by the chorus who see him as someone who hasRead MoreOedipus and Christianity Essay652 Words   |  3 Pagesdeal in the story Oedipus Rex. Even though the gods knew what he was going to do, he still had the free will to do so. This is quite similar to the beliefs of the Christian religion. Christians are accustomed to the idea that God is all knowing, yet we as humans have the gift of free will and that makes us responsible for our own actions. It seems to be similar in the tale of Oedipus Rex and in Greek mythology as a whole. The ideas of this story within the bounds of Greek mythology seem to coincideRead More tragoed The Tragic Figure of Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex)923 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragic Figure of Oedipus Rex  Ã‚     Ã‚   Sophocles is perhaps one of the greatest tragedians ever. Sophocles said that a man should never consider himself fortunate unless he can look back on his life and remember that life without pain. For Oedipus Rex, looking back is impossible to do without pain. This pain stems from his prideful life. Oedipus is aware that he alone is responsible for his actions. Oedipus freely chooses to pursue and accept his own lifes destruction. Even though fate victimizesRead MoreOedipus Rex, by Sophocles822 Words   |  4 Pagesrelates to Oedipus’s situation from Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. Sophocles‘ Oedipus Rex tells the story of a monarch named Oedipus whowho becomes the unfortunate victim of circumstances beyond his control. In Oedipus Rex, Oedipus‘ downfall is not a result of excessive hubris or his actions, but rather his parents’ disgraceful actions and uncontrollable aspects of fate. Oedipus’ parents actions and decisions are a major element in Oedipus’ tragic downfall. Before Oedipus is born, Laius and Jocasta, theRead More The Role of Teiresias in Sophocles Oedipus Rex Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesSophoclesOedipus Rex (the King) Teiresias uses his psychic abilities to foreshadow the anguish and destruction that Oedipus will encounter after he learns the truths of his life. Teiresias is also responsible for further developing the theme of blindness by using his own physical blindness to reveal to Oedipus his mental blindness. Lastly, Teiresias is ultimately responsible for imposing dramatic irony because of his great knowledge of the truth of Oedipus. In the play, Oedipus Rex, by SophoclesRead MoreT. S. 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As Jocasta recounts to Oedipus:    An oracle Once came to Laius (I will not say Twas from the Delphic god himself, but from His ministers)

Contemporary Issues in Accounting for Conceptual Framework

Question: Write about theContemporary Issues in Accounting for Conceptual Framework. Answer: Introduction Conceptual accounting framework is developed for making the accounting information more useful by providing standard guidelines and procedures for developing the financial statements. It has been developed by IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) for developing a uniform process of presenting the financial information to the end-users. The framework has helped the IASB in developing standard accounting rules and procedures to improve the quality of financial information disclosed by the entities worldwide. As such, AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) is also directing the entities listed on ASX to develop their financial reports as per the principles and characteristics of conceptual accounting framework (Mazhambe, 2014). In this context, the present report is developed for examining the compliance of a selected entity listed on ASX with the framework of conceptual accounting. The business entity selected for this is Casales,Com, an online automotive company of Aus tralia involved in purchasing and selling of cars and motorcycles listed on ASX. General Purpose of Conceptual Framework Met by the Selected Company The main objective of developing financial reports as per the standard framework is to disclose the financial information that facilitates the investors to make decisions whether to invest in the stock of a particular business entity or not. The financial statements should be able to provide an estimate of the future profitability position of an entity through predicting its future net cash flow position. The future growth and development prospects of an entity can also be analyzed through examining the efficiency of the management and the governing board in carrying out their responsibilities (Rezaee, 2003). The annual report analysis of Carsales.Com that company has adequately disclosed all the required financial information for decision-making to end-users in its financial reports. The company has developed and presented its consolidated financial statement as per the AASB standards and the conceptual accounting framework as stated in its notes to financial reports section of the annual report (Van der Meulen, Gaeremynck, and Willekens, 2007). The financial statements have provided the value of all the financial elements such as assets, liabilities and equity and also stated the accounting methods and rules applied for measurement of their value. The financial report has also provided separately the performance of each business segment of the company so that investors can easily gain understanding of its highest performing area (Soderstrom and Sun, 2007). The company has appointed a competent leadership team for carrying out its operational activities as depicted in the annual report. The annual report ahs adequately disclosed the key roles and responsibilities of the leadership team of the company. In addition to this, the key financial performance required by the investors for investment decisions as presented clearly in the directors report of the company. Therefore, it can be said that the company has adequately met the general purpose of conceptual accounting framework for developing financial reports (Carsales Com Ltd: Annual Report, 2017). Usefulness of the Financial Reports as per the Requirements of the Target Audience The target audience is the end-users of the financial reports developed by a reporting entity such as investors, creditors and lenders. They need to analyze the current and past financial information provided by an entity so that they can predict the future growth position on its basis (Tarca, 2004). The financial report of Carsales. Com can be stated to be developed as per the needs and requirements of the end-users. The key financial highlights are presented in the starting of the annual report of the company along with its cumulative annual growth rate. The report is presented in a simplified format having a systematic flow of information so that it can easily understand by the end-users. The company has incorporated the use of accrual accounting practices for reporting the impact of the financial transactions occurred on the economic resources in the period in which it occurred as per the principle of conceptual accounting framework. The use of accrual accounting has helped in as sessing accurately the past and future ability of the company in generating net cash flows (Rezaee, 2003). The impact of the changes in the market conditions on the financial information of the company by reflecting their impact on the market price and interest rates have also been sufficiently explained in its financial report. The consolidated financial statements are prepared in compliance with the standard accounting framework and principles as stated in the auditors report. This ensures that financial information disclosed is free from any material errors and can be used in decision-making process of the end-users (Carsales Com Ltd: Annual Report, 2017). Recognition Criteria The application of the standard framework of conceptual accounting requires companies to clearly state the measurement and recognition criteria used for reporting the value of different elements of the financial statements. The different financial elements are identified and recognized during the process of preparation of financial reports by business companies only when they are expected to provide some future economic benefits as per the standard framework of IASB (Psaros and Trotman, 2004). Carsales. Com has sufficiently explained and stated the identification and recognition criteria used for reporting the values of financial elements. For example, the recognition and measurement criteria used for reporting the revenue is at the fair value for its major business activities such as advertising, goods sale, finance, dividends, RD rebate. The expenses are recognized in the profit and loss and the past services are identified and measured through the use of straight-line basis. It has also classified the investments in major categories of financial assets at fair value, loans, receivables and held-to-maturity investments. The borrowings of the company are also recognized and measured at the fair value that is overall transaction cost incurred. The difference between the proceeds and the redemption amount is reported in the profit and loss over the accounting period through the use of interest method. The income tax expense or revenue for the accounting period is recognized through the use of applicable income tax rate. The cash and cash equivalents are reported and measured at their value of maturity or less when the assets are readily converted to cash (Carsales Com Ltd: Annual Report, 2017). Fundamental Qualitative Characteristics Used by the Company in Financial Reporting The conceptual accounting framework has provided that fundamental qualitative characteristics of financial reporting are relevance and faithful presentation. The financial information for meeting the criteria of relevancy need to have a confirmatory and predictive value in order to make a difference in the decision-making process of the end-users (Maines and Wahlen, 2006). Carsales.com as per these characteristics of framework has provided both confirmatory and predictive value of financial elements in its financial reports. The confirmatory of different elements are stated in the financial statements whereas the accounting estimates and assumption used for measuring the predictive value of the financial elements are also disclosed in the report. For example, the assumptions used by the company for determining the recoverable amount of CGUs and income tax is disclosed in its annul report that can be depicted as follows: The second qualitative characteristics of conceptual accounting framework is faithful presentation that is the information provided in the financial statement by a reporting entity should be free from any error and complete in all respects (McDaniel, Martin and Maines, 2002). The company financial information can be regarded as faithfully presented on the basis of the auditors report. The company has carried out its auditing and the auditors statements have disclosed that its financial information is free from any material error and complete in all respects (Carsales Com Ltd: Annual Report, 2017). Enhancing Qualitative Characteristics Used by the Company in Financial Reporting The financial information should be comparable, verifiable, understandable and timely as per the enhancing characteristics of the financial reporting stated in the conceptual accounting framework. As per the comparability characteristic, the information presented in the financial statements for the current year can be compared with that of the previous year for depicting the percentage increase or decrease in the financial performance (Gerber, Gerber and Van der Merwe, 2014). It can be depicted from the financial statements of the company as follows: The company in accordance with the verifiability characteristic of financial reporting has provided the quantitative information in its financial statements that can be measured and verified. The investor can assess the verifiability of the financial information through the use of ratio analyses with the help of quantitative value stated of different elements in the financial information. The different ratios such as profitability, liquidity, efficiency can be used for verifying whether the information presented is accurate or not (Gore and Zimmerman, 2007). The company reports its financial information on an annual basis ensuring that it is latest and available to the end-users in time. It has also provided all the information in the notes to financial statements section that ensures it is understandable to the end-users (Carsales Com Ltd: Annual Report, 2017). Recommendations It is recommended to the company on the basis of the overall analysis that it should adequately met the fundamental and enhancing qualitative characteristics of financial reporting as provided in the conceptual accounting framework. The company should adequately disclose all the accounting policies and practices used for evaluation of different financial elements in its notes to financial statements section. The accounting policies and practices adopted should be as per the AASB standards and any change in the accounting policies must be disclosed in the financial reports for meeting the qualitative characteristics of financial reporting. Conclusion It can be stated form the overall discussion held in the report that Carsales. Com effectively complies with all the principles of conceptual accounting framework. It has met the varying needs and requirements of the target audience through providing the financial information as per the qualitative characteristics of the standard framework of accounting developed by the IASB. References Carsales Com Ltd. 2017. Annual Report. [Online]. Available at: https://shareholder.carsales.com.au/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/NwbnH0pKFk-uPGxM7cmTrw/docs/reports/annual/Annual_Report_2017.pdf [Accessed on: 17 April 2018]. Conceptual Framework. 2017. IFRS Foundation. [Online]. Available at: https://www.frascanada.ca/international-financial-reporting-standards/resources/unaccompanied-ifrss/item71833.pdf [Accessed on: 17 April 2018]. Gerber, M. C., Gerber, A. J., and Van der Merwe, A. J. 2014. An Analysis of Fundamental Concepts in the Conceptual Framework Using Ontology Technologies. South African Journal of Economic Management Sciences 17 (4), pp. 396411. Gore, R., and Zimmerman, D. 2007. Building the Foundations of Financial Reporting: The Conceptual Framework. The CPA Journal 77(8), pp. 3034. Maines, L. and Wahlen, J. 2006. The Nature of Accounting Information Reliability: Inferences from Archival and Experimental Research. Accounting Horizons 20(4), pp. 399- 425. Mazhambe, Z. 2014. Review of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Proposed New Conceptual Framework.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing10 (8), pp. 835-845. McDaniel, L., Martin, R. and Maines, L. 2002. Evaluating Financial Reporting Quality: the Effects of Financial Expertise vs. Financial Literacy. The Accounting Review 77, pp.139-167. Psaros, J. and Trotman, K. 2004. The Impact of the Type of Accounting Standards on Preparers Judgments. Abacus 40(1), pp. 76-93. Rezaee, Z. 2003. High-quality financial reporting: The six-legged stool. Strategic Finance 84(8), pp.26-30. Soderstrom, N. and Sun, K. 2007. IFRS Adoption and Accounting Quality: A Review. European Accounting Review 16(4), pp. 675-702. Tarca, A. 2004. International Convergence of Accounting Practices: Choosing between IAS and US GAAP. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting 15(1), pp. 60-91. Van der Meulen, S., Gaeremynck, A. and Willekens, M. 2007. Attribute differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS earnings: An exploratory study. The international Journal of Accounting 42, pp.123-142.

Motivation Towards Achieving Set Targets †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Motivation Towards Achieving Set Targets? Answer: Introducation Teacher feedback has always been part of learning since it provides a teacher-student relationship necessary for better subject understanding and effective learning. However, teachers and students view, and value this feedback from a different perspective and thus, it is vital for both parties to understand and accommodate the diversities that may exist. This paper discusses how both, students and teachers value feedback. Feedback refers to comments regarding the evaluation of an individuals effort on a particular given task. This feedback could be in the form of appreciation of the good work, key points for improvements, advice and weaknesses and strengths evaluation, among others. Feedback is an important link that lies between learning and teaching process. It is always delivered through means such as oral responses, grades, comments that are in written form, grades or notes. Teachers value feedback since they believe that it helps students get an insight of the subjects they are teaching as well as providing guidance on how to improve their learning. Furthermore, feedback provides the basis for assessment of the progress of the learning process through evaluation of the student levels of understanding. Students on the other side, value feedback since it provides encouragement, a platform for academic interaction and a guide towards achieving their success. How Teachers and Students Value Feedback Teachers regard feedback as a tool which can increase engagement as well as performance on tasks (Hattie Timperley, 2007). Feedbacks which are goal-oriented creates focus and motivation towards achieving the set targets. Teachers utilize every opportunity to interact with students through feedbacks, and also, in creating good relationships. Teachers, through feedbacks, can track the individual students performance and progress, and subsequently, offer the necessary personalized support that aids the students in attaining their targets. On the other hand, Spiller (2009) argues that teachers at some point do not value feedback at all. They argue that, in most cases, even after they have given out feedback on error correction, most of the students never improve or correct in their subsequent assignments or tasks. Teachers argue that students only concentrate on the marks they obtain, but they disregard the comments which are crucial in correcting their mistakes and improving their perf ormance. Also, teachers value feedback by creating opportunities for students to disclose their weaknesses or showcase their levels of understanding on particular topics through class discussions (Plank, Dixon Ward, 2014). Tutors pose thoughtful questions which help students in critically analyzing the situations and consequently coming up with solutions. Also, teachers value feedback by conducting regular assessments and providing immediate support after the evaluation (Hattie Timperley, 2007). The lecturer immediately offers definitions of complex terms, provide proper interpretations and explanations of key terms. Tutors demonstrate to their students on the expected responses to provide and how to present. After providing the necessary feedback, teachers follow up on the progress and level of understanding of individual students by providing a follow-up assessment. Students, on the other hand, acknowledge feedback for some reasons which include that argument that, when they give feedback, teachers offer support on areas that cause confusions. Through active feedbacks, teachers can provide clarifications on certain misunderstandings or confusions that always lead to unnecessary failure on their part (Plank, Dixon Ward, 2014). Most of the students get confused by minor issues, such as statements, theories or even formulas which may seem similar or complex to understand and apply in providing solutions. When a tutor steps in, students believe that they get more clarifications that will help them understand the concepts in question. Teachers also, better means and various ways of approaching the solution, this helps students to choose their own suitable approaches which makes learning simple and interesting. Students value immediate feedbacks, such as instant error correction during new topic introduction which increases the rates of content acquisition, making teachers work simple in the subsequent teachings (Hattie Timperley, 2007). Students are always happy when teachers reach out immediately to offer some corrections to the assessments. Spiller (2009), agrees on this, whereby she notes that students complain whenever there are any late corrections. When feedbacks are delayed, it becomes irrelevant to students, such that if similar questions were to be raised, then no improvements would be recorded. Also, the manner in which feedback is administered is crucial to students. According to Hattie (2007), negative feedback is a powerful tool which teachers should carefully use since it can be effective, and at the same time may be detrimental to students. Students prefer that negative feedback is given at a personal level, in this case, a student will be motivated and likely, positive res ults will be observed. Negative feedback on students with low self-efficacy will be probably detrimental since it forms a basis for demotivation and students may become demoralized. Positive feedback, on the other hand, brings motivation to students, which is evident in their desire to achieve more success than what they did previously. To students, feedback acts as a guide and platform to achieving better results (Rowe, 2011). Feedback is a basis of deeper learning which helps the students in understanding the course materials and other concepts in the topics covered in the classroom. Feedback gives them insights on what needs to be done for one to record an improvement from the previous scores. It also evaluates their progress by citing their weaknesses, strengths and also their potentials regarding achievements. Students get proper guidance on how to handle the tasks such as standards or requirements needed to perform well on a particular topic or subject. Also, feedback provides a means of achieving active participation in the process of learning. Students get personal interaction with their lecturers. The mutual participations between students and teachers boosts learning since it creates better understanding through arguments and clarifications from the tutor. Conclusion hrough feedback, students together with their teachers build a mutual relationship which is beneficial to; students since it boost their social and academic development, and teachers as it helps them to plan on how to provide quality learning process. Feedback provides clarifications to students on particular tasks which cause misunderstandings. When providing feedback, teachers should consider giving them on time to enable students to trace their mistakes immediately, also, immediate response boosts understanding of the new knowledge acquired. When feedback delays, students find it irrelevant and shows laxity in revising what has already become stale. Providing lengthy or wordy feedback is not all that is required, but a relevant one is needed for students to receive and digest. Feedback is always a basis of success since it largely dictates the results of students. Quality, appropriate and timely feedback yields good results to students who are evident in the performance of the fut ure assignments and examinations. Therefore, feedback is important to both teachers and students since it complements, boosts and gives direction to teaching and learning process. Teachers can quickly assess the performance and progress of learning process and adjust accordingly. Students, on the other hand, gets an opportunity to obtain clarifications and necessary guidelines to follow to achieve excellence in their studies. References Coe, R., Aloisi, C., Higgins, S., Major, L. E. (2014). What makes great teaching. Review of the underpinning research. Durham University: UK. Hattie, J., Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of educational research, 77(1), 81-112. Plank, C., Dixon, H., Ward, G. (2014). Student Voices about the Role Feedback Plays in the Enhancement of Their Learning. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(9), n9. Spiller, D. (2009). Assessment: Feedback to promote student learning. Manuscript submitted for publication, The University of Waikato, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Rowe, A. (2011). The personal dimension in teaching: why students value feedback. International Journal of Educational Management, 25(4), 343-360.

The Miners Burger free essay sample

Have you ever seen something so amazing you had to eat it, all of it? Have you done that right before a road trip with no rest stops around? I made a similar mistake when I was visiting my aunt and uncle in Yakima. No one should ever eat a large meal right before a long car ride with no stops to avoid stomach pain, nausea, and the feeling of being trapped with no end in site. Don’t do this especially if what you are eating is a five pound burger. As we were driving down the highway at the start of our three hour journey home I started experiencing shooting pains in my stomach. â€Å"Why did I do that? It was so stupid,† I said as I thought back to what had occurred in the last 48 hours. It was the summer of 2015, my family and I had driven up to Yakima, WA from Camas, WA. We will write a custom essay sample on The Miners Burger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was the grand opening of my uncle Shawn’s new church, Dad?s House. It took about three hours to get up there, but we finally made it. We arrived the night before and checked into our hotel. The hotel had a huge lobby with with tall vaulted ceilings.The next morning, I got up early, took a shower, and ate the hotel’s continental breakfast. The day was going just as planed. My uncle Shawn had arrived to pick me and my Sister Jessica up for worship practice. Jessica had curly brown hair and red glasses. Jessica was on piano, Shawn on acoustic guitar, and I was playing the cajon box drum. My uncle has red hair, glasses, and a scraggly beard. â€Å"You guys ready,† he asked as he pulled up to the front of the hotel where Jessica and I were waiting. â€Å"Yup,† I replied. We proceeded to get in the car and talk about how we’ve been since the last time we saw him. The church is located in a 360 degree theater room, with the stage in the middle and the chairs fully surrounding it. After we set up the sound equipment and practiced our song list, Shawn’s wife and six month old son arrived. Tenielle was short with long black curly hair and and her son Asher was the cutest little baby with not much hair and long arms.I had only seen Asher a couple of time since he was born in December so I immediately ran over to say hello. â€Å"Asher! what’s up buddy.† â€Å"Hey man,† my aunt Tenielle said as she side hugs me holding Asher in her other arm. I proceed to great several people I haven’t seen in a long time as they walk in one after the other. Because the church takes place in a theater arts studio the front room is decorated in props and pictures. In the corner of the room is a knight in shining armour and a bright pink tootoo. My friend Ben and I were making fun of it and named it Fred. This became an inside joke that was brought up throughout the day. In the back there was a dance studio with a couch in it. There was still some time before the service started so Ben, my brothers, and I hung out until it was time to start. Ben was tall for the age of 15 and had short brown hair that was spiked in the front It was almost time for worship to start and I started to feel uneasy. Even though I play drums monthly, I still got nervous playing in front of a new group of people. Despite my nerves, worship went great. My uncles sermon was awesome too. After church we had an Ice cream party to celebrate the grand opening of the church. There was so much ice cream that everyone brought that we ended up handing out boxes as guests left. There was everything from ice cream sandwiches and drumsticks to popsicles. You probably think this is why I felt like I was going to die in the car, but the worst was yet to come. Next, following the party we decided to go to Miners a small burgers joint just around the corner. The list of people who went was long and included my aunt and uncle, my nana and grandpa Jim, Ben, and my whole family. Miners had been around for several years and was known for their giant burgers. I had already eaten lots of ice cream and wasn’t sure if I could handle that kind of a berger. When it was my turn to order I made a horrible decision to not only get the Miners Burger, but to get fries and a drink too. When The burger arrived it was even bigger than I remembered. I was excited and scared all at the same time, but I wasn’t about to step down from a challenge. Imagine if George Lopezs Head was on a plate with fries and a drink and that wouldn’t be half the size of this burger. â€Å"Oh boy,† I said. â€Å"I know right,† Ben replays looking at his own Miners Burger that awaits him. â€Å"I’ll be surprised if I don’t end up with diabetes.† â€Å"What did we do Ben. Wait there was curly fries! Dang!† Ben and I both start laughing. We weren’t even halfway through when I started to worry. I hadn’t even touched my fries yet. I don’t know if I should go on eating I thought. â€Å"I don’t know if I can handle anymore,† Ben stated. â€Å"I was just thinking the same thing.† But I did. I finished the whole burger, but couldn’t fit anymore fries on top. By this time I was feeling worse by the the minuet. It was getting late and we still had the drive home so we said our goodbyes. â€Å"See ya later Ben.† â€Å"I can’t believe you ate that entire burger! I’m saving mine for later.† â€Å"I know. I’m already starting to regret it.† â€Å"Ok see ya later man† As we were packing everyone in the car I knew the ride home was not going to be pleasant. â€Å"you guys want to stop and get snacks for the ride home,† my dad ask with the same red hair his brother has. â€Å"No! I mean no thank you. I’m not feeling too hot.† â€Å"You shouldn’t have eaten that giant burger.† â€Å"I know,† I said feeling the pain rise up inside me. Oh Man. About half an hour later the pain is unbearable. â€Å"Dad, can we stop at a restroom.† â€Å"You shouldve asked me about 20 minutes ago. We’re in the middle of nowhere now. Sorry bud.† Why did I do That. It was so stupid. Because of my horrible experience I highly suggest never eating anything if decent size right before a long car trip. When I was stupid enough to try eating a mega burger before my long road trip home, I definitely paid the price. Please avoid any of the mistakes leading up to one of the worst road trips of my life. No matter how amazing the idea sounds at the time it is never worth it. Please heed my advice and stay away from large meals before large car trips.

Elements of Art

Elements of Art Each work of art has elements of unity and elements of variety. Variety balances out unity and keeps things interesting. The center of interest or focal point is the place the artist draws your eyes first. Artists use balance in order to construct paintings. These elements of art such as unity, variety, focal point or area of interest and balance will be used to give you a better understanding. Examples from "Giorgio de Chirico" (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914), "Pablo Picasso" (Seated Nude, 1909, Spanish), "Francisco de Goya" (Saturn Devouring His Children, 1819) and "Piet Mondrain" (Devotie, 1908) will be used merely as informational pieces to convey these elements of art.Some ways of creating unity might be to make everything in a painting a similar color, or a series of repeating shapes, or a consistent texture made with brush strokes. At times, variety coerces the eye to pay particular attention to that object.Piet Mondrain chairsVariety occurs when an artist creat es something that looks different from the rest of the artwork. For example, "Giorgio de Chirico", (The Mystery and Melancholy of a street, 1914) depicts unity and variety with light/dark (cooler and warmer hues) various shapes and lines. Unity is depicted in the repletion of the square windows, directly above the repletion of archways alongside two buildings. Variety is depicted in the chosen colors and various shapes and lines. In "Chirico's" oil canvas, variety is applied by the contrasting of warmer hues aside the cooler hues (light and dark) conveying both space/distance and receding/closeness. The unity and variety in this canvas is brought together through the repetition depicted on the two buildings, the warmer hues and light expressing depth and the cooler hues and dark expressing the closeness. These same principles of the elements...

The Null and Alternative Hypothesis for The Piggy Bank Options Essay

The Null and Alternative Hypothesis for The Piggy Bank Options - Essay Example Online purchasing is a rising trend in the purchasing behavior of the world population since more people are becoming online users. As of 2006, there were over 1.1 billion online users worldwide. In the United States in the fiscal year 2006, the total e-commerce sales were $106 billion, while the US total retail sales were $3,905 (Plunckett Research, 2007). Online sales to retail sale ratio are 0.027 or 2.7%. This data still does not clear up the purchasing tendencies since the second product offering is sales of clothing. In the same year, 2006, in the United States the overall clothing sales were $214.3 (Plunckett Research, 2007). So far the data provided gives us a better view of how to set up a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis to create a hypothesis test for the Piggy Bankcard incentive problem. A statistician sets up a null hypothesis in order to test a claim. In reality, the statistician knows there is a more viable solution than the null hypothesis, thus the goal of the test is to reject the null hypothesis in order to go with the alternative hypothesis solution. The market research data could make a person think that considering that total clothes expenditure in the US is double than the US online sales then the most likely scenario is that it is better to go with the clothing store incentive. This is all the data needed to create a null and alternative hypothesis. The null and alternative hypothesis for the Piggy Bank options is illustrated below: Null Hypothesis (Ho) – (U1-U2) = 0.

Environmental Management . response 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Management . response 1 - Essay Example Barrier effect restricts species exchange thereby threatening their survival. Roads increase extinction rates of species since restricted movement causes inbreeding depression, which can wipe an entire species (Underhill, 2002). These assertions are true since presence of a road in a wildlife habitat causes disturbance or affects migration routes and even destroys homes of the species. Moreover, the author asserts that, in some instances, fragmentation caused by road can be beneficial to the animal population since it can help the species to re-colonize new areas. However, I partially agree with this notion since it occurs rarely and depends on the extent or coverage of the roads. Further, the author argues that the presence of a road in wildlife habitat increases chances or prevalence of animals being involved in fatalities or accidents (Underhill, 2002). This assertion is true since when animals cross the road, there are high chances of being knocked over by vehicles and this can result in death or injuries to the affected animal. The author proposes that in order to curb roadway fatalities, as well as minimizing population fragmentation, there is a need to devise a system whereby wildlife can move freely to each side of the road without any problem (Underhill, 2002). This can be achieved through construction of underground tunnels during building of new roads. I believe this is a noble idea and should be implemented without considering the expenses or costs to be incurred. This is because wildlife is of higher value compared to the cost of resources to be used in constructing the underground tunnels. Therefore, it is logical to spend many resources in conserving and protecting wildlife than save the resources and later experience species loss and extinction, which is more

System engineering Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

System engineering - Coursework Example Construction took fewer years than the normal four years and thus, if the construction were done in the normal time it should better results would be obtained. Following the construction procedures is a key to having the desired outcomes and therefore, the system engineers should have followed the right construction procedures especially when they were constructing the engine. The costs of constructing the ship would have reduced if there was following of the correct procedures. The system engineers are limited by the orders that they receive from the navy officers. The instructions are clear that the ship is required within a short span of time (Taubman, 2008). The executives fear that if the construction slows down it will disadvantage them from winning the contract and therefore the system engineers must hurry up. The system engineers do not have an option but to follow the instructions of hurrying the construction

Development of Winston Smith in 1984

Development of Winston Smith in 1984 The ideological development of Winston Smith in 1984 One of the two most famous books of George Orwell, 1984, depicts a pessimistic vision of the future world consisting of three totalitarian states; Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia, constantly at war with each other and keeping masses under careful observation and entire control. Therefore, the average people in 1984 cannot develop in any ways, except physically, because all their thoughts and ideas are under control of the Party. Emotions are unwanted, except for the devoted love of Big Brother, and the profound hate of Emmanuel Goldstein, and the enemies of the Party. Party members are being watched through telescreens all day, so when the first symptoms of unorthodoxy are noticed, they can be â€Å"cured† immediately. In addition, telescreens are constantly providing people with the appropriate ideas. Even the future language of Oceania, Newspeak, prevents people from â€Å"unorthodox† thoughts. All he unnecessary words, such as the ones bearing only slight differences, are being removed from the dictionary. The rest of the words are being deprived of their secondary and â€Å"improper† meanings. Accordingly, in the near future, party members are not going to be able to think of inadequate ideas. Winston Smith seems to be the only man in London who has human thoughts. There might be other people like him around, but due to the current system, people are prevented from showing their â€Å"unorthodox† thoughts and feelings. Winston Smith is an ordinary party member, except for the fact that he is a thinking creature. He has had thoughts long before he starts to write his diary, and his thoughts have not been appropriate in the eye of the Party. His Therefore, he has been a thoughtcriminal for years, but he was able to hide it, by understanding what the Party expects from an ideal member, and miming it. The unpremeditated act of constantly thinking is his first step to revolution. The next level of revolt is to start writing his diary. Though the act of writing seems to be pointless, even dangerous; it is satisfactory. Winston Smith starts to write his diary in an unusual way, he does not think about what he is writing, he just lets his thoughts embody on the paper. This method is called automatic writing; †modern psychodynamic theories of personality propose that traits, attitudes, motives, impulses, and memories that are incompatible with the persons conscious awareness may be dissociated from awareness and rarely expressed overtly in the course of normal waking behaviour.† (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Using this method, the person is unaware of what will be written: â€Å"Suddenly he began writing in sheer panic, only imperfectly aware of what he was setting down. His small but childish handwriting straggled up and down the page, shedding first its capital letters and finally even its full stops.†(Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.11) â€Å"He did n ot know what had made him pour out this stream of rubbish.† (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.11) After beginning his diary, he soon starts to think about how the regime works. He is in a good position to be able to see into the governance, because Winston works in Minitrue, Ministry of Truth, where he rectifies some earlier articles. He remembers an incident when he found an unquestionable evidence of the assumption that the Party changes past events to prove his statements. Winston comes to the conclusion that only the proles are free in his society, and they are the ones who could defeat the authority of the Party. He writes: â€Å"If there is hope it lies in the proles.† (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.60) The only problem with the proles is that they do not care about politics, and they do not know what kind of power is in their hands. They are the great majority (85%) of the society, but they live politically unconsciously. â€Å"Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious.† (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.61) Smith realizes what the Party does. He knows how they falsify the past and how they manipulate party members and the proles, but he does not know why they do this. â€Å"The immediate advantages of falsifying the past were obvious, but the ultimate motive was mysterious. He took up his pen again and wrote: I understand HOW: I do not understand WHY.† (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.68) He also realizes that the real freedom is the freedom of thoughts, and he thinks that it cannot be taken away from people: â€Å"Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows.† (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.69) Accordingly, at the end of Part I, Winston is a real rebel, he finds out many things about the Party, yet he does not do anything against it. He starts to revolt in his private life, when he starts an affair with Julia. The Party considers sex only the way to produce citizens in the country. The Party wants to abolish sexual contact, therefore they encourage young people to undertake artificial insemination. As Daphne Patai points out, the Party â€Å"prohibits sex except for the purpose of procreation, on the assumption that sexual tension could be redirected as passionate hatred of an enemy and passionate love of an abstract leader.† (Patai, 1984) Julia pretends to be an innocent, perfect party member, but she often has sex secretly with other Party members. This is her way of rebelling against the current system. â€Å" Have you done this before? Of course. Hundreds of times well scores of times anyway. With Party members. Yes, always with Party members. † (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.104) Winston and Julia start to have a secret life together. Winston rents a room from a prole man and they meet there regularly. They make love, consume things from the black market and talk a lot. Winston talks to Julia about politics. Although Julia is not truly interested in it, she listens to him and agrees, because she loves him. â€Å"Im not interested in the next generation, dear. Im interested in us. Youre only a rebel from the waist downwards, he told her. She thought this brilliantly witty and flung her arms round him in delight. â€Å" (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.129) Winston is waiting for a sign of the Brotherhood; the underground organization, headed by Emmanuel Goldstein, that is secretly trying to overthrow the Party. He wants to do something effectively against the Party. People do not know anything about Brotherhood, but there has always been a rumor of something like the Brotherhood. Winston really believes in the Brotherhood, and he has always wanted to be a part of it. â€Å"It had happened at last. The expected message had come. All his life, it seemed to him, he had been waiting for this to happen.† (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.131) OBrien, the one who Winston has always believed to be a rebellious person, invites him to his home. What Winston expects is some kind of initiation to the Brotherhood. He wants to belong to an organization that really does something against the Party. He has always believed what the arrested insurgents confessed, and he wants to do similar things to those. OBrien took Winston and Julia in the Brotherhood. Smith receives the book that Goldstein wrote and he starts to read it. He is satisfied because he thinks that his questions will be answered, but at the end he becomes disappointed by the book, because it does not give any answers yet. â€Å" He had still, he reflected, not learned the ultimate secret. He understood how; he did not understand why. Chapter 1, like Chapter 3, had not actually told him anything that he did not know; it had merely systematized the knowledge that he possessed already.† (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p179) After reading two chapters of the book, the worst thing happens to Winston and Julia. They have been betrayed and than arrested. It turns out that the prole man that let the room for them and even OBrien are the agents of the thoughtpolice. Therefore Winston is not only disappointed by the book, but also by the man that he really respected. Winston is taken to Miniluv where OBrien takes him in hand. OBrien teaches Winston in a Platonic method. He asks questions as far as Winston gives the right answer. OBrien , at last, gives the answers to Winstons questions. â€Å" Now I will tell you the answer to my question. It is this. The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power. Not wealth or luxury or long life or happiness: only power, pure power. What pure power means you will understand presently. We are different from all the oligarchies of the past, in that we know what we are doing. All the others, even those who resembled ourselves, were cowards and hypocrites.† (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.217) At the end, when he understood all that he wanted, he was taken to Room 101, and he had been changed. At the top of his ideological development, Winston became intellectually murdered. He knew what he wanted to know, but he did not believe himself. The only thing he trusted was the Party, and Big Brother. All in all, Winston goes through a hard and long process of ideological progress. According to Adibur Rahman, â€Å"Winston Smith wants to come â€Å"up for Air† in order to communicate with his genuine voice of self which is of course, not pessimistic. He no longer identifies himself with the existing callousness of the society.† (Adibur, 2002) First, he did not consciously think of rebelling, his subconscious thoughts and his dreams were his way of thinking. Then the next level was to disgorge his feelings and thoughts through his diary. After that he started to retrace his thoughts consciously, then he was not pleased with thinking, he wanted to act. At the beginning, he only rioted in his private life, after that he wanted to transfer it to public life, although he did not clearly understand his ideology. This was the point when he got arrested, and his questions were answered by OBrien, who was his traitor, his mentor, his enemy and his friend. He had intellectuall y been murdered, when he had reached the zenith of his ideological advance. Works consulted: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44909/automatic-writing Retrieved on 08. 01. 2010 Patai, Daphne. The Orwell Mystique A Study in Male Ideology. Amherst, 1984 Rahman ,Adibur. George Orwell: a humanistic approach.New Delhi, 2002

Star Mars :: essays research papers

Star Mars Since the boom in space technology about 30 years ago, man has found the method for expanding his existence beyond the many once thought "unbreakable barriers." Together with this development in space technology came a large quantity of information and discoveries of the compounds of the universe, and scientific questions seemed to jump out in equal number. The question that captures the eye of the media today causing a bitter controversy is probably the most easy to understand, considering the complex astronomy jargon. Is life possible on Mars? The fact is we still don't know. "Some of the early arguments we now know to be almost certainly erroneous, but even the most recent pieces of evidence do not unambiguously demonstrate the existence of life on Mars." ( Sagan and Shklovskii 273) Some scientist believe man should look up in the sky searching for new habitats for future generations, since human kind today seems to be going backwards in many aspects of the earth's ecology. The first attempt would be to study the moon; the second, our neighbor planet. Unfortunately, our actual technology slightly provides strong, useful information about the red planet because of the vast distance between us. While people such as Steven Spielberg and George Lucas try to convince us with hundred million dollar movies that we are not alone, engineers and geologists like from the NASA-Stanford University team pursue, based on true evidence, the idea of possible life on Mars. However, the burden of proof is sometimes too heavy even based on real evidence. The tough debate started on August 1996, when scientists from the NASA-SU team announced that a meteorite found on the Antartica contained evidence of past life on the red planet. They supported their conclusion on the basis of organic molecules, carbonates, and minerals found inside the rock, which are basic components of living things. This announcement astonished the world, but not the critics who skeptically stated opposite explanations for each of the components discovered. The main discussion focused by critics like Allan Treiman arguing that "This scientist have lowered the standards of evidence rather than raised them, which is what you would expect for a claim this extraordinary." (qtd. in Begley and Rogers 58) The problem raises when it is proved that those kinds of minerals and organic molecules found in the meteorite, which fell from Mars about 13,000 years ago, can also be formed during nonbiological reactions such as very high temperatures. For us, the common magazine readers, it is difficult to deal with these two positions: the final acceptance of extraterrestrial life, which is the

Mpare and Contrast the Way in Which Heaney

Blackberry Picking by Seamus Heaney and Stealing Peas by Gillian Clarke both approach passion and disappointment in life by describing childhood experience. They explore love and regret through the description of childhood and nature; Blackberry Picking through the explicit meaning of picking blackberries but them decomposing, and Stealing Peas through the explicit meaning of children stealing peas from pea rows in a field in the day, but later on with a girl asking a boy a question and her being given a disappointing and seemingly unexpected answer. Both Blackberry Picking by Seamus Heaney and Stealing Peas by Gillian Clarke are similar in subject; they both are poems about sad or unfortunate childhood events that have perhaps lingered in both of the poets’ memories. â€Å"Blackberry Picking† uses nature as a basis for the narrative. Heaney writes about his childhood experiences; picking berries in â€Å"late august†. Heaney and Clarke both create strong feelings in their poems. In â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, Heaney conveys a sense of lust and greed for the berries: â€Å"We hoarded the fresh berries†, but that afterwards the berries fermented and grew sour: â€Å"The fruit fermented†. Alternatively, Heaney could also be describing the excitement and joy people feel at the beginning of relationships and how it can deteriorate into something that is bitter and rotten. Heaney does this by describing how a fungus grows upon the berries that they had picked, making the â€Å"sweet flesh† of the berries turn sour. Similarly, in â€Å"Stealing Peas†, Gillian Clarke also uses nature as a basis for the narrative when she writes about two teenage lovers crawling in pea rows, stealing the peas and eating them. They crawl in the pea rows, slid the peas down their tongues. The girl asks, â€Å"Who d’you like best? and he replies with â€Å"You’re prettier. She’s funnier. † She writes, â€Å"I wish I hadn’t asked† indicating she regrets having asked. The implicit meaning of â€Å"Stealing Peas† is that a boy and a girl go to a field and have sex in the pea rows: â€Å"We crawled†, â€Å"slit the skins†, â€Å"with bitten nails†, â€Å"chutes of our tongues†-these each help to heighten the air of sexual tension in the second stanza, with the crawling as a way of remaining undetected; showing that what they are doing is perhaps forbidden and could get them in trouble, and this observation is reaffirmed by the mentioning of â€Å"stolen green light†. The use of the word â€Å"stolen† symbolises the loss of virginity or innocence, whilst the â€Å"green† showing the go ahead. The poet also describes how a â€Å"parky† shouted at a â€Å"child we could not see† which could either simply be another child in the field, or a child growing inside the girl- she has become pregnant, or lost her innocence. Heaney and Clarke both create strong feelings in their poems. In â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, Heaney conveys a sense of lust and greed for the berries using images of the children hurriedly filling cans with the berries, and by using words such as â€Å"ripen†, â€Å"flesh†, and â€Å"sticky†. These words have very sensual connotations and give the reader the impression that the poet was experiencing feelings of lust and greed at the time, and that the acts are forbidden. Heaney is also personifying the berries by referring to the â€Å"flesh† of the berries; perhaps showing that he felt feelings towards them that you would feel towards a person. Heaney and Clarkes’ poems are, to an extent, different in their form and layout. And though they both appear different, the poems are both similar in that they both focus more on the positive experiences, rather than the negative. â€Å"Blackberry Picking† is structured into two distinct stanzas with a sharp contrast between them. Heaney writes of the picking of the berries in the first stanza, introduces sexual themes, uses aural devices, and utilises similes and metaphors to create strong imagery. In the second stanza, he then moves on to talk about the how the berries are ruined- a â€Å"rat-grey† fungus, â€Å"glutting† on their â€Å"cache†. There is a notable difference between the two stanzas of â€Å"Blackberry Picking†. The first stanza is very long, describing the joy of the children as they go out collecting berries, but the second stanza, where Heaney talks about the fungus, is considerably shorter- it seems that Heaney is recalling the good part of the memory fondly, whilst quickly brushing over the bad. Unlike â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, Clarke has structured â€Å"Stealing Peas† into four stanzas. In the first stanza, Clarke sets the scene for the poem by describing the tide â€Å"far out†, the â€Å"warm evening† voices and the park â€Å"clipped privet†. In the second stanza the poet describes a boy, mentioning that he wore a â€Å"blue† shirt with an â€Å"Aertex† logo, and more sexual language is introduced: â€Å"filthy with syrups†, â€Å"grime of the town park†, â€Å"tendrils of my hair†. Filthy and grime suggesting the sensual, dirty, and perhaps forbidden acts that they are doing. There also is a notable difference between the four different stanzas of â€Å"Stealing Peas† in terms of length. The first stanza is very short, showing that Clarke is choosing not to remember her surroundings at the time so strongly, while the second stanza is much longer, indicating that the time spent with this boy, crawling in the pea rows together, meant more to her than any other part of the day, and that she herself has selected this part of the memory to stand out more vividly than any other. The third stanza is noticeably shorter, with her asking him â€Å"Who d’you like best? † The use of sound is important in both poems, and both poets use it to great effect. Techniques such as alliteration, onomatopoeia, and rhyme- the words â€Å"purple clot† and â€Å"hard as a knot†, â€Å"smelt of rot† and â€Å"knew they would not† in â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, are all strategically used to evoke images and create sounds by Heaney and Clarke. In â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, the use the letter p in â€Å"pricks, our palms† is short and sharp to emphasise the sharpness of the pricks from the blackberry thorns, b in â€Å"bleached our boots† and â€Å"berries in the byre† is very bubbly and bouncy, reflecting the children’s emotions as they set out on a journey of exploration, whilst the use of f in â€Å"filled we found fur† is also soft sounding- creeping in, similar to how the Heaney talks about how the â€Å"rat-grey fungus† seeps in and ruins the blackberries. Clarke also uses aural devices; alliteration with the use of the letter s in â€Å"slit the skins†, helping the reader to visualise the sounds created when the children, crawling through the rows, and stealing the pea pods, slit the skins open. The â€Å"s†, when said aloud, is a soft sound, but in the context of the stanza, creates a more sinister, hissing sound, as though the skins are being hastily ripped open in lust. Again, the use of the letter s in â€Å"slid the peas† helps the reader visualize– almost hear, the youths sliding the peas down the â€Å"chutes† of their tongues. Lastly, the use of onomatopoeia in â€Å"a lawn-mower murmured†, creates a very sexual feeling- perhaps from the boy, towards the girl. In conclusion, it can be seen that the two poems are alike in many ways such as they both recount childhood experiences that the poets regretted. What I found interesting was how Heaney and Clarke wrote the poems, spending more time describing the good experiences, rather than the unfortunate– in a way suggesting that the poets have selectively recorded these events in their minds.

Critical Thinking Thesis Based on the Local Fashion Industry Essays

Critical Thinking Thesis Based on the Local Fashion Industry Essays Critical Thinking Thesis Based on the Local Fashion Industry Essay Critical Thinking Thesis Based on the Local Fashion Industry Essay Essay Topic: Critical Thinking Outline Topic: The fashion industry of Trinidad and Tobago. Narrowed Topic: The challenges encountered within the local fashion industry. Thesis question: Does the local fashion industry possess the vitality to triumph over its’ various challenges, and ultimately arrive at the level of the international fashion industry and hence maximise its’ success? Topic Outline1. The local fashion industry2. The challenges encountered3. The international fashion industry4. The benefits of development 5. The Solution| Sentence / Question OutlineThe current position of our fashion industry. There are numerous challenges faced by the individuals leading the industry; as well as those who would like a future in the fashion industry. At what level is the international fashion industry operating on, as compared to the local fashion industry? There are numerous benefits to be derived from the improvement of the local fashion industry. There is a need for a change in the approach to the business of fashion by those involved, in addition to the need for the future operators of the industry to â€Å"go hard† and go beyond the norm that exist in the industry today. The fashion industry is essential and moreover here to stay. Clothing is a basic need of human beings, which the fashion industry then adds creativeness too, to suit each individual’s meticulous desires, needs and style. The fashion business can be lucrative to business owners, as it is to the economy. But is the local fashion industry on this level of profitability? Is the local fashion industry capable of reaping such benefits? It’s only when we know where we are, that we can assess the situation and determine the route that we ought to go. The current leaders Peter Elias, Meiling, Claudia Pegus, Heather Jones, and Diane Hunt are self taught designers with stores and a few have websites which give information about themselves and their brand. Peter Elias has an article called ‘Trend Watch’ in the Sunday newspapers, which his advertisement usually follows. But what impact do his efforts create? Customers benefit from his clothing; he provides employment and mall owners’ benefit by their spaces being rented. Diane Hunt created the local Fashion Week, while Meiling and Claudia Pegus can be captured doing interviews for the Basia Show and other local TV channels. Diane Hunt provides employment, clothing for her target market, and the expectation of drawing more awareness to local designers through Fashion Week. But is Fashion Week marketed adequately that Trinidad and Tobago and other countries flock to see the local designers hence creating sales, or is it an event where people dress up and watch the show just for a night out? These designers don’t give out catalogues, highlight their store locations, nor do they have shopping carts on their websites for international customers or home shoppers locally to purchase. In what direction are these current leaders taking this trade to? Are these designers serious about their business or is this their lack of theoretical business education being displayed? Any business fashion manuscript tells you to be a success in this industry you need 90% business skills and 10% design skills; I am of the view that these designers appear to have only the 10% design skills. Heather Jones, Meiling and Claudia Pegus hardly if ever promote their brands. How much revenue could they possibly make with this approach to business marketing or the lack thereof? It may be seen that they don’t have sufficient funds to advertise; but is the lack of funds a viable excuse when institutions such as NEDCO, Scotia Bank and the Business Development Company offer loans to expand businesses in fashion? These established designers have better luck at approved loans as opposed to a ‘newbie’. The current leaders of the industry seem comfortable in their present position and give the impression of being somewhat non competitive, almost even laid back. Would the graduates of the UTT’s Design and Fashion Management programme now shake the present leaders out of their slumber? This may be why students have cited that designers seem threatened by their knowledge and prefer to sideline them, so as not to be put in the shade. Are these â€Å"Top† local designers really in a state of slumber, or are the challenges they face making it appear this way? These designer items are highly priced, and most citizens operate on a tight budget with little or no disposable income. This could affect these designers market share and affect their bottom line. But are these items strategically highly priced, or is it the result of challenges? These designers face higher overhead cost, as there are no fabric mills locally, and designers have to source their fabrics from overseas, then pay to ship the fabric, and pay customs taxes when it’s delivered. These charges now have to be added to the price tag of the garment, along with other operational costs. Designers also seem stagnant in extending their product lines as well because if they want to create a shoe or handbag line, they have to find an international manufacturing company, and once again pay to ship and clear these items which again would raise the proposed selling price. There is also the perception of the fashion industry of Trinidad and Tobago is not a glamorous one in which you can turn a millionaire; to the likes of Ralph Lauren. These factors pose challenges to the young people in the secondary school system that aren’t looking at the local designers as role models but instead view international programs such as Project Runway and love the thrill of the fashion industry. These young fearless minds see themselves being successful designers such as Donna Karen and others; however, parents may not understand why their children would want to do subjects such as Clothing and Textiles or Art. This industry looks unpromising in the eyes of parents with the perception that these subject choices are for slow children, or those who aren’t good in the Math, Business or Science subjects. It can be seen that there are many challenges faced by those leading the industry presently as well as those who hope to enter the industry. But can the challenges faced by the future players’ of the industry be solved if we fix the challenges faced by the current leaders? Indeed, if current leaders overcome their hurdles, be creative and industrious, a more favourable light could be shun upon the future of the industry. At what intensity is the international industry operating on, compared to the local fashion industry? When the international fashion industry is researched, the revenues made are very clear, so one can see the success level achievable, and it’s easy for one to want to be as successful as this company and work towards it. Locally on designers websites you can’t get an idea as to their level of success if so. Internationally the fashion industry is flooded with designers, who understand that if they want to stay afloat in such a busy industry, they themselves have to be busy and have a omprehensive marketing plan or strategy to enable them to stay relevant, remain profitable and most importantly, stay in business. How many local designers have ever done a marketing plan? If we search online we would see no results for local designers, but if we searched for example GAP’s marketing plan, we are sure to find their plans for several years. But is it our culture to say , I don’t need such a plan; does this show a lack of business sense? Is it our culture to just be laid back, whereas in the U. S they seem not to even have time to speak as everyone is so busy? Some might agree that it’s a culture thing, that ‘Trinbagonians don’t care whether a Sunday falls on a Wednesday’, but again it could be viewed as effects from the lack of resources locally. In the U. S a fashion house advertises online, in newspapers, in magazines, on television, on the radio, and on billboards. Locally only a few designers advertise in the newspapers. Internationally, the fashion industry sells in their country and globally as well. Local designers operate at a level which I think is alarming to anyone who is business savvy. Has it not dawned on these designers to find ways to market their collections internationally to increase sales? Do these local designers just wait for things to fall into their laps, or are they dreamers instead of go getters? No matter what good initiatives the Prime Minister takes to develop the industry, it cannot grow without these designers thinking outside of the box and making things happen for themselves. If the graduates of the UTT’s Fashion programmes with their practical and theoretical skills get into the industry with that international vigour, only then will the current fashion leaders wake up and see what they should have or could have done. Cleary it can be seen that with the current state of the local fashion industry, there is a great need for development in order to reach the full potential of the fashion industry. There should also be the inclusion of the footwear design and manufacturing programme at the UTT in order to facilitate the creation of a shoe manufacturing company in this country. Having developed the students of the programmes and more being trained in the fashion area, this would give birth to higher standards, and more innovation from the future leaders of the industry through competition, as the market would become more saturated with skilled and business savvy graduates. The youths now in Secondary schools could say that not only am I studying Clothing and Textiles and Art for CXC, but after which I shall be pursuing my Degree in Fashion Design or Fashion Management, which may fall on their parents’ ears a lot easier. Having qualified themselves in this way, they have the option of working with these designers to see how they operate and distinguish how they can operate better. Students would not be limited to working for a designer, but be able to launch their own businesses. This trickles down to creating employment and diversifying the economy. This boom would create a demand for other services such as shoe manufacturing, handbag manufacturing, garment manufacturing and even our own fabric manufacturing mill. It’s a shame that stores in Trinidad and Tobago are full of items bought from the US and a few from Margarita. Imagine how fruitful our economy would be if everything in our stores were made in Trinidad or Tobago. There is a need for a change in the approach to the business of fashion by those involved, in addition to the need for the future operators of the industry to â€Å"go hard† and go beyond the norm that exist presently in the local fashion industry. The new generation of the industry has to outshine the average standards already set in the fashion industry locally and work relentlessly towards creating a fashion industry in this country that meets the level of the international fashion trade or is great enough to even surpass it. The challenges faced by the fashion industry can be triumphed over if we want to rise above them. Nothing happens on its’ own without applying the necessary action. In order for growth to take place as the saying goes ‘you can’t know where you are going unless you know where you are’. This is the mediocre position that we are in, and if we operate with the strategies that are tried and tested by international billion dollar fashion businesses that started from scratch, only then will we be on our way to creating a Fashion industry in Trinidad and Tobago that the current leaders would not have thought ever possible or even know how to begin creating to place for Trinidad and Tobago high on the global Fashion map.

New England Generation essays

New England Generation essays The Great Migration offered religious freedom to the Puritans and an economic enhancement to the English settlers. Due to such prospects, New England was considered to be a land of opportunity for newcomers who have always desired of the dreamland. During seventeenth century, there was a great abruption in population and expansion of corrupted religions in England. In order to purify the corrupted Church of England, the Puritans were seeking after a new opportunity for religious freedom. They believed that New England was God ¡Ã‚ ¯s answer for them to serve the Lord, free from corruption. Their Puritan beliefs were the main motivation for the emigrants to abandon their homeland. Convincing themselves to be separated from their relatives and taking a life-risking journey could not have been ordinary. Anderson also narrates  ¡Ã‚ °I argue that religious factors predominated in making the difficult decision to leave England. ¡ (Pg 8, Anderson) Many began their journey to New England in attempt to create a society that would serve as an example for other cities to follow. New England turned out to be an opportunity for religious freedom for the Puritans. Since there was no government to regulate their spiritual life and no pre-existing social pattern to follow, the Puritans could practice their religion the way they wanted to. Also uncontrolled church services allowed the Puritans to keep a closer relationship with God. They did not have to worry about the persecution for the personal meetings they held amongst themselves. In achieving freedom, many believed that God played a vital role in their daily lives.  ¡Ã‚ °The Lord could punish them as swiftly as He did Winthrop ¡Ã‚ ¯s most profane fellow. Thus when storms or other threats to the passengers ¡Ã‚ ¯ well-being occurred, the emigrants concluded that they had done something wrong and that the Lord was showing His displeasure. ¡ (Pg 8 ...

Ways of knowing are a check on our instinctive judgments To what Essay

Ways of knowing are a check on our instinctive judgments To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example Undeniably, life comprises a series of instinctive judgements; nevertheless, the sources of these decisions have attracted attention from different scholars. Despite many theories and publications, ways of knowing are a check to our instinctive judgements as proven in the paper. Notably, different ways of knowing exists depending on various factors. Consciousness is a moral obligation to make rational choices in life regarding certain topics. It is the ability to configure internal aspects of brain to conform to the ever-changing external environment. However, the key question separating imagination from institution presents various ways of knowing that complement instinctive judgment. To start with is reason or logic. Notably, reason is a privilege of knowing in the contemporary life. It is a quality of life dated back to the 18th century and can be traced to fathers of philosophy like Plato and Socrates. Enlightenment in the ways of knowing makes reason an important aspect of life. Conceivably, the uncertainties surrounding knowledge justifies the application of reason to deduce the instinctive decisions from many perspectives. Apparently, the use of senses to make important decisions can be challenging without higher capacities to reason (Pickstone 41). Many senses deceive while others cloud people’s judgement. It, therefore, is important to find the right way to reason and rationally make the right decisions. From this perspective, reason proves to be a reliable element of knowing. Undeniably, every area of knowledge is only valid and remains rational in the presence of a reason. It is a non-contested fact that mathematics is an argument of formulas and claims, which must have proof. The summation of one and one cannot be five, three or any other number apart from two. The answer traces back to the numerical strength of knowledge that only

The Cell Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

The Cell Cycle - Essay Example Meiosis is a form of cell division that results in the formation of haploid gametes. In meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes are separated. The first phase is prophase I where the chromosome condenses and pairs to recombine. The second is metaphase I that involves attachment of chromosomes to the spindle fibers and aligns with the call center. At anaphase I, the chromosomes migrate to opposite poles while spindle fibers shorten. The last phase is telophase I where there is the formation of the nuclear membrane.However, meiosis II involves separation of the chromosomes to form two chromatids. The phases in meiosis II include prophase II, where there is dissolving of the nuclear membrane, condensing of chromosomes and the formation of spindle fibers. In Metaphase II, chromosomes align at the center of attachment of spindle fibers. Anaphase II follows; chromatids migrate to opposite poles while spindle fibers shorten. The last phase is telophase II where there is the formation of the n uclear membrane. Finally, the cytokinesis occurs resulting in the formation of four haploid cells.In prophase I, anaphase I and anaphase II there is crossing over that lead to the formation of four unique chromatids hence increasing genetic variation. Crossing over is vital in the evolution since it brings emergence of species that are more adapted and resistant in the environment. The two-fold cost of sexual reproduction refers to where members must produce both male and female sexes during reproduction.

Methodology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Methodology - Assignment Example All researchers base their work on philosophical assumptions. A researcher works within a parameter of socially influenced outlook, and there so the initial assumptions are always taken for granted. Generally speaking, philosophical assumption is deduction made by the researchers based on his previous knowledge and perspective of the concerned subject (Scotland, 2012). There are three kinds of philosophical assumptions that form the root of a research methodology. The structure of a research is consisted of ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods (Scotland, 2012). Ontology can be defined as the study of a subject’s reality and deals with the question of â€Å"what is† (Scotland, 2012). The researcher needs to define his perspective concerning the subject based on its real form and implications (Scotland, 2012). Epistemology is concerned with knowledge that is collected from field research (Scotland, 2012). Epistemological assumptions are born from study of data that are collected and assimilated by the researcher (Scotland, 2012). It is an establishment of relation between the â€Å"would-be-knower and what can be known† (Scotland, 2012, p.9). The structure of a research is confined within ontological and epistemological assumptions. All the assumptions that are made by the researcher are based on guesswork (Scotland, 2012), and so the philosophical aspects of the research can never proven as completely true or false (Scotland, 2012). The ontological and epistemological assumptions differ with each research since each subject has its own definition of reality and therefore the research approach is also different. Methodology is the defined course of action which is reliant on the selected methods of research (Scotland, 2012). Therefore, methodology is the process and reasons of data collection and deduction (Scotland, 2012). Methodology is the manner in which the researcher confirms or refutes his

Father of Modern Management Essay Example for Free

Father of Modern Management Essay The satisfaction of social needs is something that is achievable for most individuals. People can meet others who share similar interests by joining relevant clubs or associations and can mix with peers by attending relevant social functions. There are also dating agencies and dinner clubs for those who are seeking companionship. Where social services are often required to assist is when a person is unable to easily or practically address these social needs, for example, someone who is elderly or housebound. Organisations such as Age Concern provide facilities like luncheon clubs and day centres, where individuals can benefit from company and conversation. They also collate information on other available resources like reminiscence and friendship groups (Age Concern, 2008). There are many routes to satisfying esteem needs. These include finding challenges of a vocational or academic nature or becoming part of a community group to gain a sense of achievement and social inclusion. For some, actively satisfying their own esteem needs can be a daunting process. Where social services can assist is in providing accessible services in a variety of formats. One example is the Gateway Team, part of Poole Social Services (Borough of Poole, 2008) who list their aim as: To enable adults in Poole to achieve, maintain and enjoy emotional and social well-being through the provision of a specialised service. This includes free psychology and counselling services and workshops aimed at addressing anxiety and depression or providing assertiveness training. It also focuses on actively helping individuals to attain social inclusion by providing ideas for getting involved in the local community. Additionally, help is given by sourcing self-help material in the form of books or online resources. The Gateway Team is merely one localized example to highlight available support but this picture is replicated throughout the country with the provision of services available from local authorities, charities, volunteer groups and private organisations. Moving on to self-actualisation, it is important to differentiate between this level and the others within Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. As it is concerned with a constantly evolving set of ambitions rather than a basic set of needs, self-actualisation does not require a safety net provided by social services. However, the social services framework can be utilised by enterprising individuals to help realise their potential. For example, undertaking volunteer work can build confidence, increase social networks and heighten the sense of well-being. Additionally, career prospects can be significantly enhanced as 73% of employers would employ a candidate with volunteering experience over one without (TimeBank, 2008). In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that social services, in the widest definition of the term, provide a wide range of facilities to address the Hierarchy of Needs as set out by Maslow. Although society is far from perfect and the eradication of neither poverty nor suffering is likely to be achieved, the assistance available in this country to those in need is comprehensive. Imagine what life was like for those most in need before the welfare state was established and before charities and other caring organisations became widespread. Consequently, the aim should be to bolster this supportive network and make it the very best it can be. Just like people, social services must continue to strive to fulfil its potential. Reference List Abraham Maslow Father of Modern Management (2007) Available from: http://www. abraham-maslow. com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs. asp [Accessed: 4 October 2008]. Age Concern Kingston upon Thames (2008) Social Activities [online]. Available from: http://www. ageconcernkingston. org/whatwedo_socialactivities. htm [Accessed: 5 October 2008]. BBC News Online (2004) Homeless Face More Violent Crime [online]. Available from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk/4099727. stm [Accessed: 5 October 2008].